Bucharest Nine (B9): The B 9 is a group of nine NATO countries in Eastern Europe that became part of the US-led military alliance after the end of the Cold War. The B 9 or Bucharest Format, often abbreviated as the B9, was founded on November 4, 2015. It takes its name from Bucharest, the capital of Romania. B9, it is also …
Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN): The SDSN mobilises global scientific and technological expertise to promote practical problem solving for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Paris Climate Agreement. Launched in 2012. It was established under the auspices of the United Nations Secretary-General. The SDSN and the Bertelsmann Stiftung have been publishing the annual Sustainable …
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International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC): ICRC was established in 1863 as an independent and neutral organisation. It is mandated to protect human life and health, to ensure respect for all human beings, and to prevent and alleviate human suffering. It has its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. The ICRC is funded by voluntary contributions …
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Biological Weapons Convention: It is a key element in the international community’s efforts to address Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) proliferation and it has established a strong norm against biological weapons. WMD is a weapon with the capacity to inflict death and destruction on such a massive scale and so indiscriminately that its very presence in the hands of …
What is the Hague Convention 1954? Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict was adopted in 1954 under the auspices of UNESCO. This convention is referred to as the 1954 Hague Convention. It is the first and the most comprehensive multilateral treaty dedicated exclusively to the protection of cultural heritage in times of …
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Geneva Conventions: It is a set of rules that prescribe guidelines for combatant behaviour during a war. It comprises four treaties, standardised in 1949. Three more protocols were later added which codify ethical and legal international norms for the humanitarian treatment of civilians who are affected by the war. The convention mainly focuses on: Treatment …
What is the Montreux Convention? It is an international agreement to regulate naval passage of Black Seas. It was signed by Australia, Bulgaria, France, Greece, Japan, Romania, Yugoslavia, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and Turkey and has been in effect since November 1936. The Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits gives Turkey control over the water route …
What is Genocide Convention? The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Genocide Convention) is an instrument of international law. The Genocide Convention was the first human rights treaty adopted by the General Assembly of the UN on 9 December 1948. It signified the international community’s commitment to ‘never again’ after the atrocities committed during the Second …
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS): The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is an intergovernmental organisation created in 1991 amongst the former countries of the Soviet Union. It focused on cooperation in the following aspects: Political, Economic, Environmental, Humanitarian, Cultural and Other Issues The founding states of the CIS include Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. The remaining …
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