Opium Wars are the two armed conflicts in China in the mid-19th century between the forces of Western countries and of the Qing dynasty, which ruled China from 1644 to 1912. The first Opium War (1839–42) was fought between China and Britain. The Second Opium War (1856–60), also known as the Arrow War or the …
Background Italy had a long history of political fragmentation. Italy was divided into several states during the middle of the nineteenth century. The major states in the early 19th century Italy were Sardinia, Lombardy, Venetia, Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Sicily and Naples), Papal States, Tuscany, Parma and Modena. Of these the most powerful was …
Introduction Beginning of machine age Mass production at unprecedented scale Beginning of modern world Still an ongoing process Reason for IR Geographical discoveries and beginning of world trade – Americas discovered, direct link between west and east, promotion of world trade, market emergence Emergence of neo-capitalist class – Huge finances, higher production at lower cost …
Germany Unification 18th Century: Germany was divided into number of states (some very small) By the end of Napoleonic wars 38 independent states remained including Prussia, Wurttemberg, Bavaria and Saxony. Biggest, most powerful and reactionary state was Prussia. Big landlords known as Junkers were the dominant section of Prussian society. Prussia was also Leader of …
Philosophical Influence Voltaire Rousseau Montesquieu Preface AR laid foundation while FR constructed building of modern world Liberty, Equality, Fraternity FR gave inspiration to many movements to rise against tyranny and misrule – like 1857 Freedom struggle of India Reasons Economic Causes: Financial crisis (1756-1763 war with Britain over Canada), Louis XV, XVI wasted state …
Why Industrial Revolution took place in England first Chartist Movement Working-class movement for political reform in Britain which existed from 1838 to 1858. Used Petitions. The Chartists’ six main demands were: votes for all men; equal electoral districts; abolition of the requirement that Members of Parliament be property owners; payment for M.P.s; annual general elections; …
Introduction Greatest movement in human history for freedom and equality Colonies were exploited by Britain 13 colonies came together against mercantilism Led to declaration of independence and birth of USA Modern values like Constitution, Democracy, Republic, Bill of Rights, Equality etc. Reasons Economy : Mercantilism Navigation law 1651: American ships compulsory sail towards Britain portsEXIM …